Against Infection: An Update on Vaccine Development.

() is a major pathogen responsible for antibiotic-associated diarrhea, frequently observed in hospital settings. Due to the widespread use of antibiotics, the incidence and severity of infection (CDI) are rising across the world. CDI is primarily driven by two homologous protein exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Other putative virulence factors include binary toxin CDT, surface layer proteins, phosphorylated polysaccharides, and spore coat proteins. These virulence factors are potential targets for vaccine development. Although several vaccines have entered clinical trials, there is currently no approved vaccine on the market. This review outlines the intoxication mechanism during CDI, emphasizing the potential antigens that can be used for vaccine development. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of research and development of vaccines.