Microbial production of torulene and its potential applications: a review.

Torulene, a carotenoid primarily produced by red yeasts, has emerged as a promising bioactivity compound due to its vibrant color and health-promoting properties. However, research on torulene is still limited, and its commercial potential remains largely unexplored. Microbial production of torulene presents a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical route. Certain red yeasts, particularly and , are relatively efficient producers. In this review, we summarize current strategies involving both upstream and downstream processes aiming at improving torulene yields. Moreover, we reviewed its biological properties and potential applications in food, cosmetic and pharmacological industries. Despite its promising properties, challenges in microbial production must be addressed for successful commercialization. Future research should focus on improving production through systems engineering and synthetic biology, exploring its pharmacological activities, and developing stabilization systems to support its broader applications.