Genomic analysis of Salmonella enterica from cattle, beef and humans in the Greater Tamale Metropolis of Ghana.

Salmonella enterica is a bacterial foodborne pathogen that can infect humans and animals. Proper control of Salmonella requires routine surveillance and interventions across the food-production chain. However, due to limited resources the epidemiology and transmission of non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes remain poorly understood in several African settings, including within Ghana. Here, we employed bacterial culture and whole genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the prevalence, virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants of Salmonella enterica isolates from beef, cattle blood and human patient stool in Greater Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. Enrichment and culture of the specimens yielded 62 isolates in total from beef (31), bovine blood (28) and human diarrhoeal specimens (3). We identified at least 15 STs and 18 different Salmonella serovars. The most frequently detected serovars were Poona (n = 13), Montevideo (n = 10) and Poano (n = 7) with S. Montevideo being the most common from cattle blood. Thirty-two (52%) isolates belonged to novel sequence types (STs), with ST2609 (n = 9) being most common. Four raw beef isolates harboured at least one gene conferring resistance to beta-lactam (blaTEM-1), chloramphenicol (catA), fosfomycin (fosA7), quinolone (qnrD1) or tetracycline (tet(A)). Eight isolates carried IncF, IncI and/or Col3M plasmid replicons. This study recovered Salmonella, often belonging to previously undocumented STs, at high frequencies from cattle and beef and demonstrated that isolates from human diarrhoeal patients are closely related to bovine isolates. The data highlight the need for broader and sustained surveillance and the urgent need for food safety interventions in Ghana.