Mechanistic insights into electronic modulation of binuclear iron-based zeolites for selective oxidation of methane to methanol.

Conceptually, direct methane-to-methanol (DMTM) conversion represents an efficient approach for methane (CH) valorization, which is thermodynamically feasible at ambient temperature. However, this process consistently faces a conversion-selectivity trade-off. Particularly, when employing dioxygen (O) as the oxidizing agent, an additional compromise arises between O activation and the generation of reactive oxygen species necessary for CH activation. Enzyme-like iron-based zeolites are regarded as promising catalysts for DMTM. We investigated possible iron clusters in ZSM-5 based on thermodynamics analysis and identified the binuclear [Fe-(μ-O)-Fe] site anchored by Al pairs as the most stable configuration in the Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst under the preparation conditions reported preparation conditions. Density functional theory calculations revealed a Mars-van-Krevelen-like (MvK-like) mechanism for DMTM over the binuclear iron sites, offering a pathway to circumvent the challenge of simultaneously activating CH and O, thereby enhancing catalyst activity. Nevertheless, the activity of this Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst remains constrained by surface oxygen species reactivity. Moreover, the [Fe-(μ-O)-Fe] site exhibits marginal preference for methanol O-H bond scission over methane C-H bond scission, compromising the intrinsic limitation between methane conversion and methanol overoxidation. The introduction of a second metal component could electronically regulate surface oxygen reactivity, effectively tuning DMTM performance. While the fundamental trade-off between O activation and methane conversion persists, methane C-H bond scission over [Fe-(O)(μ-O)-M] was always found to be the rate-determining step for Fe-based binuclear catalysts. Based on the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT)-enabled hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism for the methane C-H bond, we propose the third ionization energy (IE) of the secondary metal component as an effective descriptor for predicting methane conversion efficiency over these Fe-based binuclear catalysts. Remarkably, the elevated IE of Zn due to the fully occupied d orbital of Zn renders the hetero-binuclear Fe-Zn/ZSM-5 with the [Fe-(μ-O)-Zn] site to be a promising catalyst for enhancing methane conversion. Furthermore, the high IE of Zn suppresses methanol O-H bond scission, thereby improving methanol selectivity. These mechanistic insights provide a guide for the rational design of DMTM catalysts through the electronic synergy engineering of hetero-binuclear metal centers.