Research advances of extracellular vesicles in lung diseases.

The lung is a vital organ in the respiratory system, and there is a critical need to develop more effective methods for lung health management. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication. They exhibit high bioavailability and low immunogenicity, making them essential in maintaining cellular homeostasis and in the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases. This review describes the diverse sources, isolation techniques, functions, and challenges associated with EVs, particularly exosomes. We highlight their significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases, as well as their potential as drug delivery vehicles. By synthesizing recent advances in EVs research, this review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for future studies and clinical applications of EVs.