Recent Advances in Handheld and Robotic Bioprinting Approach for Tissue Engineering.

3D bioprinting has emerged as a transformative technology in tissue engineering, significantly impacting the creation of patient-specific tissues to enhance clinical outcomes. Despite its rapid advancement, translating this technology from bench to bedside remains a critical clinical need. New bioprinting approaches, such as handheld printers or robotic arm-driven in-situ biofabrication techniques, have emerged as promising alternatives. These advancements enable the reconstruction of damaged tissue directly on living anatomical structures, offering adaptability and precise matching to the affected area. The integration of biomaterials, tissue engineering principles, and digital technologies, particularly robotics, has garnered substantial interest from both academic and industrial sectors, highlighting its potential for clinical applications. However, challenges persist, including refining bioink formulations, adjusting mechanical properties, facilitating in situ crosslinking, and accurately mimicking the extracellular matrix. This review explores the cutting-edge frontier of in situ 3D bioprinting for tissue regeneration, utilizing both handheld and robotic arm-assisted 3D printers. It systematically examines the relative advantages, disadvantages, challenges, and prospects of this technology as it transitions from bench side to bed side.