Toxic effects of the food additives titanium dioxide and silica on the murine intestinal tract: Mechanisms related to intestinal barrier dysfunction involved by gut microbiota.

This study aimed to compare the effects of three food-grade particles (micro-TiO, nano-TiO, and nano-SiO) on the murine intestinal tract and to investigate their potential mechanisms of action. A 28-day oral exposure murine model was established. Samples of blood, intestinal tissues and colon contents were collected for detection. The results showed that all three particles could cause inflammatory damage to the intestine, with nano-TiO showing the strongest effects. Exposure also led to changes in gut microbiota, especially mucus-associated bacteria. Our results suggest that the toxic effects on the intestine were due to reduced intestinal mucus barrier function and an increase in metabolite lipopolysaccharides which activated the expression of inflammatory factors downstream. In mice exposed to nano-TiO, the intestinal PKC/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway was activated. These findings will raise awareness of toxicities associated with the use of food-grade TiO and SiO.