A Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Possesses Antinociceptive Activity through Cytokine and Glutamatergic Pathways .

is used traditionally to treat pain. The antinociceptive properties of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of (PLE) were evaluated in rats and mice. Mice were pretreated orally with PLE (30, 100, and 300 mg kg) and evaluated for antinociceptive effects in the acetic acid-, glutamate-, and formalin-induced nociception models. Additionally, mechanical hyperalgesia models were used to evaluate PLE's influence on TNF-- and IL-1-induced hyperalgesia in rats. In the acetic acid-induced nociception model, 100 mg kg PLE exhibited the highest antinociceptive activity of 95.13 ± 9.52% at < 0.0001, followed by the 300 mg kg (85.44 ± 5.75%; < 0.0001) and then the 30 mg kg (67.95 ± 18.55%; < 0.01), compared to morphine 3 mg kg i.p. (86.97 ± 9.52; < 0.0001). PLE (30, 100, and 300 mg kg) also showed significant ( < 0.05) antinociceptive effect in phase two of the formalin-induced nociception with % inhibitions of 66.88 ± 12.17, 75.12 ± 9.01, and 89.12 ± 4.32%, respectively, compared to 3 mg/kg morphine (97.09 ± 2.84%). Similarly, PLE (30, 100, and 300 mg kg) significantly reduced pain in the glutamate-induced nociception model with % inhibitions of 79.28 ± 8.17, 90.54 ± 5.64, and 96.49 ± 1.43%, respectively, whereas ketamine (5 mg/kg i.p.) reduced nociception to be 59.94 ± 18.14%. All doses of PLE significantly reduced nociceptive scores in TNF-- and IL-1-induced mechanical hyperalgesia ( < 0.01). Similarly, PLE significantly inhibited bradykinin-induced nociception. The hydroethanolic extract of has antinociceptive effects; this is the first scientific report providing evidence to validate its traditional use for the management of pain.