Antifungal therapy of biofilms: Past, present and future.

Virtually all species linked to clinical candidiasis are capable of forming highly resistant biofilms on different types of surfaces, which poses an additional significant threat and further complicates therapy of these infections. There is a scarcity of antifungal agents, and their effectiveness, particularly against biofilms, is limited. Here we provide a historical perspective on antifungal agents and therapy of biofilms. As we reflect upon the past, consider the present, and look towards the future of antifungal therapy of biofilms, we believe that there are reasons to remain optimistic, and that the major challenges of biofilm therapy can be conquered within a reasonable timeframe.