The promise of mRNA vaccines in cancer treatment: Technology, innovations, applications, and future directions.

Tumor is a complex disease that seriously threatens human health. Traditional treatment methods have many limitations. In recent years, with the in-depth study of tumor immune mechanisms, the mRNA vaccine, as an innovative immunotherapy strategy, has attracted wide attention due to its unique advantages and great potential. The purpose of this review is to introduce the technical development status of tumor mRNA vaccines, the application progress in a variety of tumors, and the challenges and future development directions, to provide reference for related research. In this paper, we reviewed the recent literature on tumor mRNA vaccines, analyzed the technical progress in structure modification, delivery tools, immunogenicity regulation, and summarized its application in different tumor types, and discussed the current challenges and future development directions. Conclusions: Remarkable progress has been made in structural modification, delivery tool optimization, and immunogenicity regulation of tumor mRNA vaccines, which show good application prospects in the treatment of a variety of tumors. However, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, the limitation of immune activation, the stability and translation efficiency of mRNA, and the optimization of delivery systems are still challenges. In the future, the application of new technologies, the exploration of combined treatment strategies, and the advancement of personalized medicine will provide new opportunities for the development of tumor mRNA vaccines. With the continuous progress of technology, tumor mRNA vaccines are expected to play an important role in tumor treatment and bring greater well-being to human health.