Occurrence and prevalence of host-seeking nymphs infected with () genospecies in Europe (1999-2022).

Ticks of the complex are the primary vectors of (), the complex of genospecies that cause Lyme borreliosis, in Europe and North America. We summarized the tick surveillance data of host-seeking nymphs in Europe between 1999 and 2022 to quantify and map the occurrence and () genospecies infection prevalence (NIP) across the continent in high resolution. Geocoordinates or reported subnational administrative units were extracted where tick surveillance data were collected and validated with previous systematic literature reviews to ensure comprehensiveness. Data were grouped according to country, year, and individual () genospecies and quantified random effects. In total, 278,189 host-seeking nymphs from 152 studies across 27 European countries were extracted. Overall NIP was 11.1% across Europe, with the highest NIP in eastern European countries (> 27%) and the lowest NIP within the United Kingdom (< 4.2%). had the broadest distribution and highest NIP among the genospecies (4.7%). Importantly, this work provides a publicly available and highly precise geographically comprehensive database of the relative abundance and prevalence of () infection in host-seeking nymphs in Europe. These data can be utilized by researchers for further use and analyses of Lyme borreliosis.