Narrative review of metabolic syndrome and its relationships with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gonadal dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea.

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome is an emerging health problem, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing. Therefore, we first aimed to investigate its pathophysiology, focusing on the insulin resistance state and the consumption of high-calorie diets. In addition, previous studies have shown an association between metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gonadal dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea, but little is known about the nature of the relationship between metabolic syndrome and these conditions. Therefore, second, we aimed to investigate this relationship to better predict the risk of these diseases in MetS patients and vice versa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive search in multiple scientific databases to examine the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and to investigate the nature of the relationship between metabolic syndrome and these conditions. The selection of the articles included in this review is based on their pertinence to the research issue, methodological rigor, and contribution to the field.

RESULTS

This study revealed that insulin resistance and high fructose consumption are two important contributors to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Additionally, a bidirectional relationship was detected between metabolic syndrome and both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and secondary male hypogonadism. Both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and testosterone deficiency can lead to metabolic dysregulation and insulin resistance, which in turn exacerbate this clinical condition. A mutual relationship between metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovarian syndrome has been demonstrated, with similar risk factors and treatment strategies. Finally, an independent relationship was found between obstructive sleep apnea and the components of metabolic syndrome.

CONCLUSION

Metabolic syndrome is closely related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gonadal dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea. It is therefore recommended that further studies be conducted to better understand these relationships to develop a comprehensive treatment strategy for metabolic health and these conditions.