Network Pharmacology, Experimental Validation Explored Kakkalide to Ameliorate Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Inflammatory Response.

BACKGROUND

Sepsis continues to represent a significant challenge due to its detrimental effects and high mortality rate. The protection of endothelial function and the attenuation of the excessive inflammatory response are pivotal in the reduction of mortality risk. is the flower of var. (Willd). was recorded as ameliorating loathing of cold with high fever and clearing heat and purging the lung from "Minnan Materia Medica". Recent findings showed its potential efficacy of inflammatory diseases. However, the precise underlying mechanisms are produced remain to be elucidated.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to identify the key active compound in for sepsis treatment and its pharmacological targets.

METHODS

Network pharmacology analysis identified potential targets of against sepsis. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse models assessed survival, inflammation, and tissue damage via ELISA and H&E staining. Transwell assays, immunofluorescence (IF), and flow cytometry evaluated human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) protection. Molecular docking and Western blot (WB) confirmed key signaling pathway targets.

RESULTS

At a dose of 20 mg/kg, the -derived compound Kakkalide notably reduced mortality and serum inflammatory factor levels while protecting lung and renal tissues. In vitro experiments further showed that treatment with 5 μM Kakkalide in HUVEC decreased inflammatory factors, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis, while promoting cell migration and proliferation. The aforementioned effects were associated with alterations in the phosphorylation levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and protein kinase B (AKT).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that Kakkalide as the primary ingredient of enhanced the survival of CLP mice and protected lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated HUVEC function. This study offers a novel perspective on the effects and molecular mechanisms of Kakkalide in sepsis.