美国普通人群中 2005-2014 年 NHANES 膳食中邻苯二甲酸酯的累积暴露来源。
Dietary sources of cumulative phthalates exposure among the U.S. general population in NHANES 2005-2014.
机构信息
University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA.
University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA; University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Berkeley, CA, USA.
出版信息
Environ Int. 2018 Jun;115:417-429. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.029. Epub 2018 Mar 29.
BACKGROUND
Anti-androgenic phthalates are reproductive toxicants that may have additive effects on male development. Diet is the primary exposure source for most phthalates, which contaminate the food supply through food contact materials and industrialized production.
OBJECTIVE
To compare dietary sources of cumulative phthalates exposure between "food at home" (e.g. food consumed from a grocery store) and "food away from home" (e.g. food consumed from fast food/restaurants and cafeterias) in the U.S. general population.
METHODS
We estimated cumulative phthalates exposure by calculating daily intake from metabolite concentrations in urinary spot samples for 10,253 participants (≥6 years old) using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005-2014) data. We constructed a biologically relevant metric of phthalates daily intake (∑androgen-disruptor, μg/kg/day) by converting phthalates into anti-androgen equivalent terms prior to their summation. Particular foods and the percent of total energy intake (TEI) consumed from multiple dining out sources were ascertained from 24-h recall surveys. Associations with ∑androgen-disruptor levels were estimated for children, adolescents, and adults using multivariable linear regression.
RESULTS
We observed a consistent positive association between dining out and Σandrogen-disruptor levels across the study population (p-trend <0.0001). Among adolescents, high consumers of foods outside the home had 55% (95% CI: 35%, 78%) higher Σandrogen-disruptor levels compared to those who only consumed food at home. The contribution of specific dining out sources to Σandrogen-disruptor levels varied by age group. For example, cafeteria food was associated with 15% (95% CI: 4.0%, 28%) and 64% (95% CI: 40%, 92%) higher Σandrogen-disruptor levels in children and adults, respectively. Particular foods, especially sandwiches (i.e. cheeseburgers), were associated with increased Σandrogen-disruptor levels only if they were purchased away from home (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSION
Dining out may be an important source of biologically relevant cumulative phthalates exposure among the U.S.
POPULATION
Future studies should evaluate modifiable production practices that remove phthalates from the food supply in addition to the efficacy of interventions that promote eating fresh foods prepared at home.
背景
抗雄激素邻苯二甲酸酯是一种生殖毒物，可能对男性发育有叠加效应。饮食是大多数邻苯二甲酸酯的主要暴露源，它们通过食品接触材料和工业化生产污染了食物供应。
目的
比较美国普通人群中“在家食用的食物”（例如从杂货店购买的食物）和“在外食用的食物”（例如从快餐店/餐馆和自助餐厅购买的食物）中累积的邻苯二甲酸酯暴露的饮食来源。
方法
我们使用国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES，2005-2014 年）数据，通过计算 10253 名（≥6 岁）参与者尿样中代谢物浓度的每日摄入量，估算累积邻苯二甲酸酯暴露量。我们通过将邻苯二甲酸酯转化为抗雄激素当量之前对其进行求和，构建了一种具有生物学相关性的邻苯二甲酸酯每日摄入量指标（∑雄激素干扰物，μg/kg/天）。从 24 小时回忆调查中确定了特定的食物和从多种外出就餐来源摄入的总能量摄入（TEI）的百分比。使用多变量线性回归估计∑雄激素干扰物水平与儿童、青少年和成年人的关联。
结果
我们观察到在整个研究人群中，外出就餐与∑雄激素干扰物水平之间存在一致的正相关关系（趋势 P<0.0001）。在青少年中，与仅在家中食用食物的人相比，高消费外出就餐食物的人∑雄激素干扰物水平高 55%（95%CI：35%，78%）。特定外出就餐来源对∑雄激素干扰物水平的贡献因年龄组而异。例如，自助餐厅的食物与儿童和成年人的∑雄激素干扰物水平分别升高 15%（95%CI：4.0%，28%）和 64%（95%CI：40%，92%）。只有当特定食物（例如，奶酪汉堡包）是在外面购买时，才与∑雄激素干扰物水平的增加相关（P<0.01）。
结论
外出就餐可能是美国人群中生物相关累积邻苯二甲酸酯暴露的一个重要来源。
未来的研究应该评估除了促进在家食用新鲜食物的干预措施的效果之外，还应评估可去除食物供应中邻苯二甲酸酯的可修改生产实践。
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