Network-based modelling reveals cell-type enriched patterns of non-coding RNA regulation during human skeletal muscle remodelling.

A majority of human genes produce non-protein-coding RNA (ncRNA), and some have roles in development and disease. Neither ncRNA nor human skeletal muscle is ideally studied using short-read sequencing, so we used a customised RNA pipeline and network modelling to study cell-type specific ncRNA responses during muscle growth at scale. We completed five human resistance-training studies (n=144 subjects), identifying 61% who successfully accrued muscle-mass. We produced 288 transcriptome-wide profiles and found 110 ncRNAs linked to muscle growth while a transcriptome-driven network model demonstrated interactions via a number of discrete functional pathways and single-cell types. This analysis included established hypertrophy-related ncRNAs, including - which was leukocyte-associated (FDR = 4.9 ×10). Novel hypertrophy-linked ncRNAs included (myofibril assembly genes, FDR = 8.15 × 10), and and (vascular remodelling and angiogenesis genes, FDR = 2.77 × 10). We also discovered that hypertrophy lncRNA shows a specific myonuclear expression pattern . Our multi-layered analyses established that single-cell-associated ncRNA are identifiable from bulk muscle transcriptomic data and that hypertrophy-linked ncRNA genes mediate their association with muscle growth via multiple cell types and a set of interacting pathways.