Rewired m6A of promoter antisense RNAs in Alzheimer's disease regulates neuronal genes in 3D nucleome.

N-methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant internal RNA modification that can impact gene expression at both post-transcriptional and transcriptional levels. However, the landscapes and functions of m6A in human brains and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are under-explored. Here, we examined RNA m6A methylome using total RNA-seq and meRIP-seq in middle frontal cortex of post-mortem brains from individuals with or without AD, which revealed m6A alteration on both mRNAs and various noncoding RNAs. Notably, many promoter-antisense RNAs (paRNAs) displayed cell-type-specific expression and changes in AD, including one produced adjacent to MAPT that encodes the Tau protein. MAPT-paRNA is highly expressed in neurons, and m6A positively controls its expression. In iPSC-derived human excitatory neurons, MAPT-paRNA does not impact the nearby MAPT mRNA, but instead promotes expression of hundreds of neuronal and synaptic genes, and is protective against excitotoxicity. Analysis of single nuclei RNA-DNA interactome in human brains supports that brain paRNAs interact with both cis- and trans-chromosomal target genes to impact their transcription. These data reveal landscapes and functions of noncoding RNAs and m6A in brain gene regulation and AD pathogenesis.