Review: progression and heterogeneity of multiple sources of mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is often a neglected autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of the joints leading to pain, swelling and restricted movement, particularly affecting specific population groups and severely reducing the quality of life of patients. Certain risk factors (smoking, diet, infections) contribute to the increased prevalence of the disease in patients, with targeted interventions to alleviate symptoms. Due to the complexity of current medications and the lack of a systematic approach to decision-making, Mesenchymal stromal cells therapy has become increasingly popular in recent years. It plays different roles in different diseases, especially in Rheumatoid arthritis, stromal cells have shown promising therapeutic potential for tissue repair and regeneration, immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects. This paper provides a systematic review of our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms, heterogeneity, and cell engineering modifications of stromal cells from multiple sources.