大气污染对美国成年人认知表现的神经行为影响。

Neurobehavioral effects of ambient air pollution on cognitive performance in US adults.

机构信息

Department of Epidemiology, UNC-School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA.

出版信息

Neurotoxicology. 2009 Mar;30(2):231-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.12.011. Epub 2008 Dec 30.

DOI:10.1016/j.neuro.2008.12.011

PMID:19150462

Abstract

BACKGROUND

In vivo animal experiments demonstrate neurotoxicity of exposures to particulate matter (PM) and ozone, but only one small epidemiological study had linked ambient air pollution with central nervous system (CNS) functions in children.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the neurobehavioral effects associated with long-term exposure to ambient PM and ozone in adults.

METHODS

We conducted a secondary analysis of the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System-2 (NES2) data (including a simple reaction time test [SRTT] measuring motor response speed to a visual stimulus; a symbol-digit substitution test [SDST] for coding ability; and a serial-digit learning test [SDLT] for attention and short-term memory) from 1764 adult participants (aged 37.5+/-10.9 years) of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 1988-1991. Based on ambient PM(10) (PM with aerodynamic diameter <10microm) and ozone data from the EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System database, estimated annual exposure prior to the examination were aggregated at the centroid of each census-block group of geocoded residences, using distance-weighted averages from all monitors in the residing and adjoining counties. Generalized linear models were constructed to examine the associations, adjusting for potential confounders.

RESULTS

In age- and sex-adjusted models, PM(10) predicted reduced CNS functions, but the association disappeared after adjustment for sociodemographic factors. There were consistent associations between ozone and reduced performance in NES2. In models adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, household and neighborhood characteristics, and cardiovascular risk factors, ozone predicted high scores in SDST and SDLT, but not in SRTT. Each 10-ppb increase in annual ozone was associated with increased SDST and SDLT scores by 0.16 (95%CI: 0.01, 0.23) and 0.56 (95%CI: 0.07, 1.05), equivalent to 3.5 and 5.3 years of aging-related decline in cognitive performance.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study provides the first epidemiological data supporting the adverse neurobehavioral effects of ambient air pollutants in adults.

摘要

背景

体内动物实验证明，颗粒物（PM）和臭氧暴露具有神经毒性，但仅有一项小型流行病学研究将环境空气污染与儿童中枢神经系统（CNS）功能联系起来。

目的

研究成人长期暴露于环境 PM 和臭氧与神经行为的关系。

方法

我们对 1988-1991 年第三次全国健康和营养检查调查（NHANES III）中 1764 名成人参与者（年龄 37.5+/-10.9 岁）的神经行为评估系统-2（NES2）数据进行了二次分析（包括一个简单反应时间测试[SRTT]，用于测量对视觉刺激的运动反应速度；符号数字替代测试[SDST]，用于编码能力；以及连续数字学习测试[SDLT]，用于注意力和短期记忆）。根据 EPA 大气信息检索系统数据库中的环境 PM（10）（空气动力学直径<10μm 的 PM）和臭氧数据，将检查前的估计年暴露量聚集在居住地址的每个普查块组的质心处，使用居住和毗邻县所有监测器的距离加权平均值。构建广义线性模型以检验相关性，调整潜在混杂因素。

结果

在年龄和性别调整模型中，PM（10）预测 CNS 功能下降，但在调整社会人口因素后，这种关联消失。臭氧与 NES2 中表现下降之间存在一致的关联。在调整人口统计学、社会经济地位、生活方式、家庭和邻里特征以及心血管危险因素的模型中，臭氧预测 SDST 和 SDLT 分数升高，但 SRTT 分数不升高。每年臭氧增加 10ppb 与 SDST 和 SDLT 分数分别增加 0.16（95%CI：0.01，0.23）和 0.56（95%CI：0.07，1.05）有关，相当于认知表现与衰老相关下降 3.5 年和 5.3 年。